Network Layers

The networking layers in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model are:

Physical Layer: defines the physical characteristics of the network, such as electrical and mechanical specifications.

Data Link Layer: provides error-free transfer of data frames between devices on the same network segment.

Network Layer: routes packets between different network segments and provides logical addressing.

Transport Layer: provides end-to-end communication between devices and ensures reliable data transfer.

Session Layer: establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions between devices.

Presentation Layer: provides a common format for data exchange between devices and can perform data compression or encryption.

Application Layer: provides interfaces for application programs to access the network's services.

It's important to note that the OSI model is not always followed strictly in practice, and some protocols and technologies may span multiple layers. Also, TCP/IP model is another model that is used in practice and it has only 4 layers: Link, Internet, Transport and Application.